ABSTRACT
Objective: This study attempted to explore the difference of clinical characteristics in H1N1 influenza infection and SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infection in people younger than 65 years old, in order to better identify the two diseases. Methods: A total of 127 H1N1 influenza patients diagnosed from May 2009 to July 2009 and 3265 patients diagnosed and identified as SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2 variant from March 2022 to May 2022 were admitted in this study. Through the 1 : 2 match based on age (The difference is less than 2 years), gender and underlying diseases115 patients with H1N1 infection and 230 patients with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2 infection (referred to as H1N1 group and Omicron group) were included in the statistics. The clinical manifestations of H1N1 group were compared with those of Omicron group. Logistic regression was performed to analyze the possible independent risk factors of H1N1 group and Omicron group. And multiple linear regression was used to analyze the factors for time for nucleic acid negativization (NAN) . Results: The median age of the two groups was 21 [11,26] years. Compared with the H1N1 group, the Omicron group had lower white blood cell count and CRP levels, less fever, nasal congestion, sore throat, cough, sputum and headache, while more olfactory loss, muscle soreness and LDH abnormalities. The Omicron group used less antibiotics and antiviral drugs, and the NAN time was longer (17 [ 14,20] VS 4 [ 3,5], P < 0.001). After logistic regression, it was found that fever, cough, headache, and increased white blood cell count were more correlated with the H1N1 group, while muscle soreness and LDH abnormalities were more correlated with the Omicron group. After analyzing the factors of NAN time, it was found that fever (B 1.529, 95 % CI [0.149,2.909], P = 0.030) significantly predicted longer NAN time in Omicron patients. Conclusion: This study comprehensively evaluated the similarities and differences in clinical characteristics between SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infection and 2009 H1N1 influenza infection, which is of great significance for a better understanding for these diseases.
Subject(s)
Headache , Fever , Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome , Cough , Olfaction Disorders , Influenza, Human , Myalgia , COVID-19 , Cardiovascular AbnormalitiesABSTRACT
Chloroquine phosphate (CQP) has been suggested as an important and effective clinical reliever medication for the 2019 coronavirus (COVID-19). Nevertheless, its excessive use will inevitably cause irreparable damage to the entire ecosystem, thereby posing a considerable environmental safety concern. Hence, the development of highly-efficient methods of removing CQP from water pollution sources, e.g., effluents from hospitals and pharmaceutical factories is significant. This study reported the fabrication of novel CN bond linked conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) (BPT–DMB–CMP) with multiple nitrogen-rich anchoring sites for the quick and efficient removal of CQP from aqueous solutions. The irreversible covalent CN bond linked in the internal framework of BPT–DMB–CMP endowed it with good chemical stability and excellent adsorbent regeneration. With its predesigned functional groups (i.e., rich NH bonds, triazine rings, and benzene rings) and large area surface (1,019.89 m2·g−1), BPT–DMB–CMP demonstrated rapid adsorption kinetics (25 min) and an extraordinary adsorption capacity (334.70 mg·g−1) for CQP, which is relatively higher than that of other adsorbents. The adsorption behavior of CQP on BPT–DMB–CMP corresponded with Liu model and mixed-order model. Based on the density functional theory (DFT) calculations, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and adsorption comparisons test, the halogen bonding, and hydrogen bonding cooperates with π − π, C H···π interactions and size-matching effect in the CQP adsorption system on BPT–DMB–CMP. The excellent practicability for the removal of CQP from real wastewater samples verified the prospect of practical application of BPT–DMB–CMP. BPT–DMB–CMP exhibited the application potentials for the adsorption of other antiviral drugs. This work opens up an efficient, simple, and high adsorption capacity way for removal CQP.
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In response to the global pandemic of the COVID-19 outbreak, Taiwan barred foreign nationals from entering into Taiwan starting from March 19th, 2020. This study aims to explore the impact of lockdown policy on the length of stay, tourism expenditure, tourist satisfaction and revisit intention based on a sample of 3987 inbound visitors collected from the 2020 Annual Survey Report on Visitor Expenditures and Trends, published by the Taiwan Tourism Bureau. The empirical results indicate that: (1) the border control policy increases the length of stay of around 33.4719 nights;(2) a drop of the total expenditure, F&B expenditure, transportation expenditure, entertainment expenditure, and shopping expenditure but an increase of accommodation expenditure is found;(3) the border control policy seems to reduce the level of tourist satisfaction but does not affect revisit intention.
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In this study, we found that the current droop (J-droop) in AlGaN-based UVB light-emitting diodes was more obvious at higher temperatures, despite both the main and parasitic peaks undergoing monotonic decreases in their intensity upon an increase in the temperature. The slower temperature droop (T-droop) did not occur when the forward current was increased to temperatures greater than 298 K. After an aging time of 6000 h, the emission wavelengths did not undergo any obvious changes, while the intensity of the parasitic peak barely changed. Thus, the degradation in the light output power during long-term operation was not obviously correlated to the existence of the parasitic peak.
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Objective To investigate the false negative rate of throat swab nucleic acid test of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and to analyze the causes, so as to provide references for the prevention and control of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the throat swab nucleic acid test results of 1 452 COVID-19 patients admitted to Guanggu Branch of Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Hubei Province from Feb. 19 to Mar. 20, 2020. The negative results before positive results at discharge were judged as false negative results, and the false negative rate was calculated. The discharged patients were followed up to screen for the patients who were positive for nucleic acid test again, and the relationship between the times of consecutive negative nucleic acid tests before discharge and the positive again results was analyzed. Results Among the 1 452 COVID-19 patients, 592 (40.77%) were males and 860 (59.23%) were females. A total of 212 cases (14.60%) had false negative results. Twenty-eight cases (1.93%) were discovered nucleic acid positive again after discharge. Among the 918 patients whose nucleic acid tests were negative for two consecutive times, 24 (2.61%) were positive again, which was significantly higher than that of the patients whose nucleic acid tests were negative for three consecutive times (0.75%, 4/534;χ2=6.21, P=0.012 7). Conclusion The throat swab nucleic acid test of SARS-CoV-2 has a certain proportion of false negative results, which is one of the reasons for COVID-19 patients are found nucleic acid positive again after discharge. Multiple and continuous tests by different testers are recommended before discharge, and negative nucleic acid test for three or more consecutive times can reduce the incidence of nucleic acid positive results again after discharge.